The Effects Of Fast Food On Children - 991 Words

Did you know that 30% of children ages 6 to 11 are overweight? 15.3% of children ages 6 to 11 are obese? The impact obesity has on a child can become life changing. â€Å"According to the CDC if current trends continue, 1 of 3 U.S. adults will have diabetes by 2050† (Evans, W, 2006). Behind the mask of obesity is a child that falls into the trap of fast food advertisement. Overall, the fast food industry should be more socially responsible and not direct their marketing strategy of unhealthy food choices to children; this will cut down the percentage of children suffering from childhood obesity that leads to various health issues. One might object here, that it is a free market and freedom of speech is part of the U.S. Constitution. However, everyone has a different opinion about fast food and boudaries must be respected. Still the fast food market is targeting children too often and too much, even involving Schools to advertise unhealthy food in exchange for funding. One may argue, children learn by example, parents are responsible for leading them in the right direction of how to make healthy food choices. With this being said, parents are beginning to become concerned with how the fast food is being marketed to children. One of the largest leading industries known as â€Å"fast food† continues to market unhealthy promotions, targeting young minds. â€Å"Children watch an average of over ten related food advertisements daily, and (nearly 4,000 per year)† (Powell LM, S. R. 2011).Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Fast Food On Children Essay1985 Words   |  8 Pagesof fast food restaurant when you watch television? How many billboards do you drive by for a â€Å"2 for 2† at McDonald’s â€Å"off exit- insert number here-† or something of that nature†¦ Considering that most children cannot drive, they read those billboards; they see the bright colors and the photo shopped food that never looks the same way when you open the wrapper. Also, children generally have, what could be called, an addiction to television; their faces are essentially glued to it. The fast food industryRead MoreThe Effects Of Fast Food On Children And Teenagers1847 Words   |  8 PagesFast foo d and other junk foods such as pizza, hotdogs, candy, and much more have become a topic of discussion all over the world. Everyone gets those cravings for a big juicy cheeseburger and while everything is fine in moderation, fast food is and has become detrimental to the growth of children and teenagers. Many people see fast food as a convenient and cheap way to eat but, in reality, it is creating and teaching bad eating habits, can lead to many different health related issues, and can evenRead MoreThe Effects Of Fast Foods On Health Risks Among Children And Adolescents1549 Words   |  7 Pagesuse of photographic evidence. Food Insecurity The results of my study revealed that a vast number of youths in the U.S. were not properly nourished. This may have been due to environmental or socioeconomic barriers. There were differences of opinions as to whether or not food deserts alone have led to unhealthy food choices, and more research will be n ecessary to make further assessments. Fast foods have proven to contribute to the cultivation of unhealthyRead MoreFast Food and Obesity in Adults990 Words   |  4 Pages2013 Fast Food and Obesity in Adults In Aprils addition of Men’s Health magazine there is a picture of salted golden French fries inside a white cup. This advertisement invokes hunger for unhealthy and cheap fast food to consumers. The fast food industries false advertisements, unhealthy food, and long term effects of consuming fast food all lead to the causes and effects of adulthood obesity in the lives of thousands of Americans today. McDonalds, Burger King, Wendy’s, and other fast food industriesRead MoreLasting Effect Of Marketing On Children Essay1623 Words   |  7 PagesLasting Effect of Marketing to Children In the past few decades, fast food companies has invested heavily in advertising to children and young adults, in return they’ll become the future of consumers of the next generation prolong business profits. Children between the ages 8 to 12 years old are exposed highest to fast food media marketing and those years are critical stages of development as this forms their eating habits for adulthood. Fast food corporations are utilizing all sources of outletRead MoreFast Food Restaurants And Their Effects969 Words   |  4 PagesFast-Food Restaurants and Their Effects In America, there are numerous of fast-food restaurants that many people enjoy eating at. People choose to eat at fast-food restaurants, because it is very convenient and they do not have to go home and prepare a meal. In addition, fast-food is usually cheaper for a family as well. However, the food from the restaurants are causing multiple problems in today’s society. It has a significant impact on American’s health which is leading to deaths and obesityRead MoreFast Foods And Fast Food Restaurants1458 Words   |  6 Pagesare some children that do not go a day without eating a fast food meal. There has been a significant rise in obesity rates in America as fast food restaurant establishments are becoming more and more popular. It’s no coincidence that as the fast food industry’s popularity is rising; the obesity rates of Americans are rising as well. The reason for the increase in popularity of fast food restaurants is simply because of convenience. Take McDonald’s for example: they offer consumers food that canRead MoreCauses, Effects And Solutions Of Overweight918 Words   |  4 PagesCauses, Effects and Solutions of Overweight Nowadays, overweight is a serious condition associated with body fat accumulates in people’s body and as a result it leads to obesity. Being overweight referred to a crucial issue for its victims have increased significantly for the past two decades. The occurrence of overweight has increased in all persons including children, old aged, and educated persons. Loss of weight is one of the challenges for many people in life. The causes of overweight includeRead MoreFastfood1128 Words   |  5 PagesSimple Facts About Fast Food Nov 20, 2010 By Suzanne Robin Fast food restaurants, also known as quick service restaurants, sell food that can be quickly cooked, assembled and eaten. Fast food has moved out of restaurants and is also readily available at convenience stores. Even grocery stores often serve their own versions of fast food in prepackaged sandwiches and salads. Fast Food Nation reports that 25 percent of Americans eat at least one meal a day at a fast food restaurant,. What areRead MoreFast Food Nation Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesFast food is very popular amongst today’s society. Fast Food Nation has reasons for the explosion in popularity of fast food restaurants in the mid-1900’s. It also explains negative effects on American Culture in today’s society. The fast-food industry has multiplied across America and changed the food industry. Eric Schlosser describes in Fast Food Nation the way people think about what they eat and what people think of the fast food industry, and also its impact on society. 2 ND There are many

The League Baseball Has Embraced Technologies Essay

Umpires make bad calls every ball game and the batters can not do anything except take it. These mistakes are frequent , pitchers tend to pitch to the corners of the official strike zone. And they are consequential they happen in the most pivotal calls. When a 50/50 call becomes a 60/40 call, such as it does with three balls, umpires are mistakenly calling strikes on 10 percent of borderline pitches. When a 50/50 call becomes a 30/70 call, such as it does with two strikes, umpires are mistakenly calling balls on 20 percent of borderline pitches according to Fox Sports. Major League Baseball has embraced technologies that are meant to make calls on the field more consistent. The league has long used pitch-tracking technology to encourage home-plate umpires to be more like machines without complete success. This past offseason, the MLB extended replay review to cover essentially all umpire decisions except ball and strike calls. Now as before, no justice will be served when a pitcher t hrows a strike and the umpire calls it a ball. remember, too, that umpires are missing calls for other reasons. It’s just difficult to see the edges of the strike zone, especially considering how hard these guys throw ... and of course they’re throwing harder all the time. Of course the umpires can and will adjust, just as hitters can and will adjust. We also know that hitters are missing pitches more than ever. If the players are doing this I feel like the umpiresShow MoreRelatedEssay on Billy Beane Case797 Words   |  4 Pagesand why the Oakland A’s economic situation after 1995 shaped its: a) Compensation Strategies In the world of major league baseball, Oaklands As defied the laws of baseball economics. The team spent only $34 million (the 2nd lowest payroll) had won 102 games and lost only 60 in 2001. On top of this, they finished first in their division and made the playoffs. Major baseball teams would hire high school players than college players. This made high school players costly. Oaklands As strategyRead MoreThe Asian Athlete : A Cultural Icon Of Chinese American Communities1708 Words   |  7 Pagesnation and praises the nation for the opportunities it presents (Joo, 2012). One example is found by Mayeda (1999) regarding Japanese pitcher Hideo Nomo’s first year in the major league (1995), as the American sports media viewed him conforming entirely to American beliefs and values. According to the author, Nomo embraced this perception by sacrificing personal comforts and remaining quiet to better help his team and teammates on the Los Angeles Dodgers. Former Houston Rockets center Yao Ming representedRead MoreWhere Do I Fit In? Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pages American Sign Language(ASL) has been for many years the main way the deaf communicate and is also extremely important to the deaf culture. To the hearing world, being deaf was always co nsidered a handicap and for that reason they came up with what is called a cochlear implant, causing great debate within the deaf culture. The invention of the cochlear implant has the deaf worried that their culture will be destroyed, while the hearing world find that it will better there lives, not realizing thatRead MoreA Report On Business Analytics2605 Words   |  11 Pagesdecisions on what players to draft, positions to place players in, as well as many other parts of the game. Analytics has been a large part of not only game play, but also for the business aspects of these teams. Observing data has helped increase ticket sales by helping decipher the market in which to sell to and the correct price that will guarantee the most buyers. Data analytics has allowed teams that do not have outstanding records to still fill their stadiums with fans, thanks to data they haveRead MoreTour de France4771 Words   |  20 Pagesof the Olympic Games, set up the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999 as an independent body charged with coordinating a consistent system for testing Olympic athletes. WADA works with international sports federations and Olympic committees and has begun conducting unannounced, out-of-competition tests on Olympic hopefuls. This practice reduces the chance that competitors will rid their systems of drugs before being tested. The list of banned substances on the Olympic Movements Anti-Doping CodeRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Sports Apparel Industry3201 Words   |  13 Pagesperspiration most efficiently than was previously expected. Under Armour’s ability to target their products to a wide range of potential clients has enhanced their ability to continue to grow within the athletic marketplace. 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Expansive Soil And Remedies Fly Ash And Lime

Question: Describe the Problems Associated With Expansive Soil And Remedies By Using Fly Ash And Lime. Answer: Introduction The problem of expansive soils has lived with geotechnical engineers since 1930. These kinds of soils are found in almost all the continents of the world. They include soils such as quick clays and collapsible soils. These soils are mostly common in arid regions of the world. However, recent research has shown that the soil has lately stretched to cover even the semi-arid parts (Chen, 2012, p. 56). The expansive soils make it tough for the construction of foundations, more so those of light structures. These soils are characterized by volume changes that result in the swelling or shrinking of the soils. Expansive soils exert upward pressure that is very detrimental to light structures. Massive capital investment is continuously spent across the world to repair the damaged structures (Fredlund, et al., 2012, p. 42). This project work intends to identify all the possible problems that are associated with the expansive soils. In addition, the project proposal further intends to provide a remedy to the problem by the use of fly ash and lime. An extensive list of proposals has in the past been suggested by geotechnical engineers (Sridharan, 2016, p. 23). After taking a keen look at all the suggestions that have been raised, it has been realized that the use of fly ash and lime would be the best solution to the problem. Several precautions have been taken into account in the process of coming up with the suggestion. Issues to do with soil and water pollution have all been taken into consideration in the process of coming up with the suggested remedy. The project proposal would hence provide a benchmark for geotechnical engineers and scholars across the world (Sridharan, 2016, pp. 23-27). Research question, goals, and sub-goals Expansive soil is a problem that has been experienced all across the world. It has caused structural damages very extensively. Regions that experience wet seasons that alternate with dry seasons have been rendered useless by the soils. This has happened to the continuous change of volume of the soils over the seasons. Floors of structures constructed on expansive soils have been prone to cracks that have substantially damaged the structures. Massive crack has also developed across basements of structures on the soils (Ghosh, 2014, p. 87). Walls of building constructed on the soils have also developed arches in the cases where there is no proper reinforcement. Cracks are also a common feature on roads that are built on expansive soils. Such roads are subjected to shrinkage of the soils. Canals, on the other hand, are subjected to erosions (Majeed, 2014). Their soils become soft and are finally swept away. The result is that the canals are washed away too. Swelling of walls have also b een reported in some areas where there are great soils The swellings have been caused by horizontal pressure that has been exerted against the walls, right from within the soils (Iyyunni, 2016, p. 34). Despite all the challenges that are brought about by the expansive soils, other factors should also be taken into account during the construction process. Many engineers have sometimes assumed structural defects to have resulted from expansive soils while thats not the actual cause of distress. It is a matter of the fact that expansive soils are one of the leading causes of cracks in most light structures. Other damages have also been reported in areas where there are expansive soils (Wilson, et al., 2009, p. 78). The damages include leaking and infiltration of water into basements, water pipe breakages during dry seasons, and sticking of doors and even windows. In most cases, the damages take places slowly and over a long period. The result is that buildings and other structures in the neighbourhood are damaged at varying periods. It, therefore, becomes tricky for people to prepare in advance so as to encounter the challenges. Geotechnical engineers have been challenged to seek for a lasting solution to the problems. This project proposal intends to provide a lasting solution to the problems of expansive soils that have lived with us for years (Fang, 2013, p. 37). After a long period of research, we have finally found a solution. The remedy would involve the use of fly ash and lime. The goal of the project proposal is to ensure that people who live in areas with expansive soils would be equally able to put up structures without any problem. It is quite unfair when people in some regions of the world have deprived the freedom that is enjoyed by people in other places. This project proposal, therefore, intends to promote equality among all the people who are living on the surface of the earth (Iyyunni, 2016, p. 97). There have been several attempts that have been undertaken by geospatial engineers to mitigate the effects brought about by expansive soils. The efforts have brought some positive impacts, though. They include landscaping, subsurface drainage and proper preparation of the soil. Landscaping minimized the impact of the problem by ensuring that the amount of water that get access to the surrounding of structures is greatly minimized. Landscaping involves the following of guidelines that outlines how plants that are located close to buildings should be watered. It also prohibits the planting of trees and flowers close to buildings unless they are those that would be watered through drip method. This precaution is taken because the plants tend to absorb a lot of water from the surrounding soils during dry weather. They would hence disrupt the structure of the expansive soils causing them to settle and interfere with structures (Al-Rawas Goosen, 2009, p. 91). Excessive soil moisture is also a major cause of structural damages in expansive soils. Geospatial engineers have hence resorted to the draining of the soils. Proper drainage of the soils that include surface moisture drainage, irrigation and snowmelt have been undertaken to mitigate the effects. Efforts have also been made to drain moisture that has already infiltrated into the ground. Ditches, trenches, and swales have been dug in the affected areas to help in the drainage purposes (John D. Nelson, 2015, p. 42). Underground drainage pipes have also been laid in some regions to collect infiltrated water. The Geotechnical engineers have also advocated for proper preparation of construction sites before any activity in the areas. This has been done by reducing the chances of swelling of the soils wherever they become wet. Despite all these efforts, the effects that are associated with expansive soils have continued to be a menace to people across the world. The efforts made so far have not brought a lasting and permanent solution. This project would improve on one of the suggestions that have been proposed and put into test by geospatial and geotechnical engineers. Feedback from people across the world has shown that ground preparation has been quite effective in the prevention of effects of expansive soils. This would hence provide some motivation and feasibility towards the development of the project. The process would replace the native soil in the areas with a fly ash and limestone mixture (Majeed, 2014, p. 56). The process would provide a kind of chemical treatment to the soils. T he chemistry of the soils would be substantially changed and become considerably less expensive. Theoretical content and Methodology Fly ash and lime contain calcium supplements. Treatment of expansive soils with the use of calcium oxide is a traditional method that has been used over the years. However, the project intends to make the treatment even better. Fly ash would be mixed with limestone and then incorporated into the expansive soils. Water would then be poured upon the mixture to settle the soil particles together. The treatment would bring about an instant impact on the grounds geotechnical properties (Chen, 2012, p. 45). There would be quick drying of the soils as well as its workability. The long term treatment of the soil through the method would promote strength, compressibility and the durability of the expansive soils. The lime-treatment would accomplish the following benefits; There would be increased soil particles allowing spontaneous infiltration of water underground. The process of flocculation-agglomeration would lead to the formation of flock. The Devoid ratio would hence be increased, enlarging the sizes of the particles. The increased devoid ratio provides a reflection of decreased dry density of the soils. Reduction in the plasticity index would be observed. Expansive soils would show a huge reduction when it comes to plasticity index. His would be as a result of the reduced liquid limit as well as increased plastic limit. The addition of lime and fly ash converts the expansive plastic soils into non-plastic. The fixation point of lime would be determined by the amount of lime that would be necessary for the expected values to be achieved. Nevertheless, the fixation point of the lime alone would not be able to generate the recommended strength. The reduced plasticity of the soil would be as a result of the changes like the soil (G. W. Wilson, 2009, p. 29). The application of fly ash and lime would lead to increased durability of the soil. The treated soul would be able to resist and withstand wet and dry cycles that come about as a result of the weather changes in the course of the year. We shall be able to establish the extent of the soils durability by carrying out strength test of the treated soils in varying conditions in the laboratory (Xu Huang, 2012, p. 111). A lime-treated soils experience decreased swelling and changes in volume. Extensive soils are problematic because of their swelling nature and constant changes in volume. Application of fly ash and lime plays a very significant role in ensuring that the plasticity of the soils is heavily reduced. The treated soil would develop higher fatigue strength. The fatigue strength is calculated based on the strength ratio of the soil. Lime contains calcium and is hence adamant. When it is incorporated into the soil, it makes the soil adamant. The strength that would be developed over some period after the treatment of the soil would result in a higher fatigue ratio (G. W. Wilson, 2009, p. 42). A laboratory workshop would be set to confirm the above-listed benefits further. This would verify the workability of the processes in varying extensive soils found in different parts of the world. Experimental set up There would be a laboratory experimental setup as well as field experimental setup. Our geospatial and geotechnical engineers would carry out several tests in the laboratory. The verified results would then be practically carried out in the fields where there are great soils. The locals and the entire members of the public would also be invited to witness the treatment processes. Despite the many advantages that are brought about by application of fly ash and lime, few limitations come along with the treatment of the soils. They include; The treatment process involves undesirable chemical reactions. The process of carbonation of lime and the reaction process between the sulphate salts in the expansive soils and the lime is quite deleterious. Soil distress may also result as a result of the reactions leading to disintegration. This, therefore, possesses a great threat to the entire treatment process which is involving and expensive at the same time (G. W. Wilson, 2009, p. 36). There is also a serious threat that is likely to arise when calcium ions from lime react with aluminium ions in the soil. The good information is that the limitations are not likely to be experienced in all the expansive soils. All the soils do not contain aluminium and sulphate ions. In addition, the limitations can be minimized if precaution is administered during the treatment processes. Our team of highly specialized professionals would carry out all the necessary recommended precautions during the treatment process. This would be done to ensure that the limitations are minimized as much as possible (Majeed, p. 37). Results, Outcome and Relevance Geotechnical engineers have in the past given the green light to the usage of fly ash and lime in controlling the problems that are associated with expansive soils (Chen, 2012, p. 36). By building our project on the result of their feasibility studies, we shall be able to further investigate the process (ProQuest, 2008, p. 51). Before the treatment of the expansive soils by the use of fly ash and lime, a traditional treatment process of the lands would be carried out. The process would be conducted in our laboratories to establish the extent of success when using the traditional method. The outcome of the result would be able to tell the relevance of the method. We would then be able to develop our intended project by building and expanding on the success of the traditional method of soil treatment. Project Planning and Grantt Chart The project planning would start by acquiring the necessary capital necessary to finance the entire the project. A large research laboratory would then be set up. Fly ash and lime would then be purchased. All the other relevant necessities necessary for the treatment of expansive soils would also be acquired. A qualified team of geospatial engineers would then be assembled to undertake the treatment process of sample expansive soils in the laboratory. Several tests would be carried out to determine the extent of success that would be expected once the project is implemented in the field. Once the engineers would be convinced that their objective has been achieved, the treatment process would be carried out in the expansive soils out in fields too. Quality assurance officer from the government ministry of lands would then be invited to monitor the quality of the comprehensive soil treatments. The soil treatment process would then be applied to the field in remote reach regions once the quality assurance officers have approved the entire process. The public as well would be educated on the need of treatment of the soils. In addition, they would be taken through the entire process of treating expansive soils and the limitations that are brought about by the treatment process. It would be important to incorporate the public from the neighbouring surrounding so that they can embrace the entire programs that are carried out within their community. There is a need to ensure that transparency would be observed during the entire process. The community members, the financiers of the project and any other interested persons would only appreciate the project if all the security and transparency measures are observed throughout the entire process. Project schedule Grantt Chart Activity Week1 21/10/2016 Week 2 (10 days) Week 3 Week 4 Week5 Week6 Week 8 Presentation of the project proposal Approval of the project proposal Establishment of the a laboratory Acquisition of fly ash and lime Carrying out of tests Expansive soil treatment in the laboratory Treatment of soils in the field Mobilising the public Educating the public on the need to treat the expansive soils Training the public on the processes involved on the treatment of soil User acceptance testing User training Implementation Conclusion Very many problems have been associated with expansive soils for a much extended period of time. The soils have made it almost impossible for the construction of structures. The structures have in most cases experienced cracks on their floors and walls. The affected people have been very unfortunate given that they have incurred a lot of capital investments in the setting up of the structures that have finally been destroyed by the soils. At the same time, it is very unfortunate to the people living in areas with great soils. The people have had to bear with the soil conditions in the areas whereas other fellow human beings live in areas where they are not faced with problems to do with the soil. The people in other areas of the world where there are no extensive soils have been able set up all kind of structures without any problem. There was hence need to come up with ways of ensuring that people who live on extensive soils are also able to construct structures, just like the people in other parts of the world where there are no great soils. There was hence the need to establish the remedies to the problems that are associated with expansive soils. Some remedies have so far been proposed and put into place by geospatial engineers. However, the proposed solutions have not fully solved the problems. There was hence need to seek for ways and means that would fully eliminate the problems that are associated with extensive soils. Based on the outcome of traditional treatment of the soils, it was discovered that improving the treatment process would make it more effective. This project proposal, therefore, builds on the results achieved from the traditional treatment method of expansive soils. The project uses fly ash and lime to treat and reinforce the soils. The resultant soil from the treatment process would have a good structure. It would allow for the construction of both light and heavy structures without any problem. The treated and reinforced soils would be able to support the structure while at the same time allowing infiltration of water into the ground. The controlled application of fly ash and lime is a remedy that has been tested and approved. It would hence be able to solve all the problems that are associated with expansive soils. References list Al-Rawas, A. A. Goosen, M. F., 2007. Expansive Soils: Recent Advances in Characterization and Treatment. s.l.:Taylor Francis,. Al-Rawas, A. A. Goosen, M. F., 2009. Expansive Soils: Recent Advances in Characterization and Treatment. s.l.:CRC Press,. Al-Rawas, A. A. Goosen, M. . F., 2009. Expansive Soils: Recent Advances in Characterization and Treatment. s.l.:CRC Press. Chen, F. H., 2012. Foundations on Expansive Soils. s.l.:Elsevier. Fang, H.-Y., 2013. Foundation Engineering Handbook. s.l.:Springer Science Business Media. Fredlund, D. G., Rahardjo, H. Fredlund, M. D., 2012. Unsaturated Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. Ghosh, S. N., 2014. Advances in Cement Technology: Critical Reviews and Case Studies on Manufacturing, Quality Control, Optimization and Use. s.l.:Elsevier,. Iyyunni, C., 2016. Science Direct. Optimum Utilization of Fly Ash for Stabilization of Sub-Grade , pp. 3-7. Majeed, Z. H., n.d. Soil stabilisation using lime. Research gate, p. 2014. Manzanal, D. Sfriso, A. O., 2015. From Fundamentals to Applications in Geotechnics: Proceedings of the 15th Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 15 18 November 2015, Buenos Aires, Argentina. s.l.:IOS Prass. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Residential Slabs-on-Ground, 2009. The Design and Construction of Residential Slabs-on-ground: State of the Art. s.l.:National Academies,. Nelson, J. Miller, D. J., 2007. Expansive Soils: Problems and Practice in Foundation and Pavement Engineering. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. Nelson, J. D., Kuo , C. C. Overton, D. D., 2015. Foundation Engineering for Expansive Soils. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. Nelson, J. Miller, D. J., 2007. Expansive Soils: Problems and Practice in Foundation and Pavement Engineering. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. ProQuest, 2008. Moisture Movement Through Expansive Soil and Impact on Performance of Residential Structures. s.l.:ProQuest. Rhoddy, M. K., 2016. Expansive soil problems. Construction deffect assemlies, pp. 2-25. Sridharan, A., 2016. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, pp. 5-54. Wilson, G. W., Clifton, A. W. Barbour, S. L., 2009. The Emergence of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics. s.l.:NRC Research Press. Xu, J.-M. Huang, P. M., 2012. Molecular Environmental Soil Science at the Interfaces in the Earths Critical Zone. s.l.:Springer Science Business Media,. Yong, R. N., 2001. Geoenvironmental Engineering: Geoenvironmental Impact Management. s.l.:Thomas Telford.

School Murder Essays - School, , Term Papers

School Murder It is 7:30 on a normal Tuesday morning at Westside Elementary School. The buses have begun to pull into the child unloading dock and have unloaded the students. As the buses pull off, the students began to head toward their classroom to wait for the day to begin. As the day progresses, the students ready themselves for lunch break. As the teacher's aid opens the door for the students to leave, she sees four students dressed in long knee length jackets, strut briskly towards the cafeteria. She pays it little attention and waits for lunch bell to sound. Shortly after the bell sounds, the students leap out the door and cascade toward the cafeteria. In the cafeteria there is a stage like platform that jutted out like a shelf for about a third of the room. That is where all the disruptive, or the kids that were on "silent lunch", had to sit. About five minutes until the bell for lunch to be over ringed, four students came into the lunchroom. The students began to shout ferociously and scream for the students to lie on the floor of the cafeteria. When the students wouldn't cooperate, the four boys reach under their coats to pull out .09mm pistols. The teachers in the lunchroom try to contain the boys and settle them down, but the boys open fire on them. As the adults fall on the floor, the cafeteria was in an uproar with frightened, screaming children. With this the young boys open fire into the crowd of students. Although this scenario is just a figment of this writer's imagination, we all have been subjected to similar scenes on recent T.V. newscast. Chabert 2 This kind of horrific event has become a common element in today's news. What has changed so much in our environment that would possess a child to destroy another child? The future's survival depends on the existence of today's youth to survive. The society of today has to dominate over the corroded minds of the trouble youth. It is time for members of society to open their eyes and take control of the corrupted youth. The public should be aware of the preventive measures against violence through out the school system. One effective preventive measure towards safety in the school system is to establish metal detectors throughout the school. Many schools of the nineteen nineties have been equipped with metal detectors due to the latest increase in school violence. These detectors are placed in the entrance of the school or may be held by a school resource officer or school staff member. Metal detectors are used to prevent students from bringing metal objects such as knives, guns and other potential weapons into the learning atmosphere of the school. "8.3% of high school students carry a weapon to school today, which is down from 26% in 1996"(CDC 2). Metal detectors helps to establish a much needed sense of security and allows students to concentrate on their schoolwork. Many students believe that these metal detectors will ward off would be violators of the school's policy, that weapons of any kind or nature would not be permitted on the school premises. School faculty and staff have reported that they feel safer and more at ease with the students, when metal detectors are in use. Although metal detectors are a step in the right direction, they alone are not the only answer. In order for the full effect of the detectors to be achieved, there must be some sort of security guard or monitor in place to implement them. Police and full time security Chabert 3 guards have played an important and necessary role in education for many years. The extent of policing was limited in the past as compared to today however. "Police are showing up in suburban and small town schools"(Robinson 2). The presence of police help to deter students from violating school policies. A policy such as "no fighting", may include punishment such as a" three day suspension for first time offenders "(Robinson 4). Police effectiveness is greatly due to the fact that people in uniform maintain a higher degree of authority and respect than someone dressed in regular street clothes. Police alone are but a small percentage of the overall effectiveness and success of the school security (Greene 3A). Another percentage of the success rate is due to the counselor-student relationship. School counselors are a part of the school system and have been for some time. Until a few years ago, they were hired

Better Viewed in the Nude Essay example

Better Viewed in the Nude Essay example Better Viewed in the Nude Essay example Nemiah Brown Professor Murphy English 1101 Better Viewed in the Nude In 1972, John Berger’s Ways of Seeing finally addressed the differences in the social presence of men and women. Berger argues that women are always the object of sight and that men are always assumed to be the observers. Berger concludes that â€Å"women are depicted in a quite different way from men – not because the feminine is different from the masculine – but because the ‘ideal’ spectator is always assumed to be male and the image of woman is designed to flatter him (64). Berger’s argument proves to be evident as more and more women are portrayed as objects, evidenced by many advertisements in magazines such as, Essence and BusinessWeek. Women in today’s advertisements have been posed to sell objects, thus they have become the object and a sight for men. Advertisements today have convinced women that everything they do or should do is for the pleasure of a man. While flipping through the pages of these magazines, one might run into words that read â€Å"pick up some pretty,† like in Target’s ad in Essence Magazine. This concept is constantly reflected in the ads of several recognized magazines. In many of these ads, the copy suggests that the woman is just not flattering enough; they have more to offer her, to enhance her image. The only reason her image must be â€Å"pretty† is because she must be flattering to her male spectators. Men have convinced women to maintain their hair, nails, make up and clothes; women now believe in these unrealistic identities. Women have been persuaded to think that they must maintain a flawless image of beauty or they will not be valued by men. On the cover of Business Week’s August 15-August 28, 2011 issue, a woman stands in forefront. Across the front of her body, the word â€Å"popularity† appears in bold, capitalized letters. She is wearing, what appears to be a one shoulder dress, however, on the dress there are an assortment of items such as: packs of Oreos, a computer keyboard, a miniature basketball, Tide laundry detergent, a pack of Marlboro cigarettes, a bobble head, a bottle of perfume, cans of Coca Cola sodas, bags of Lays chips, packs Orbit gum, and many other items. Every item on her dress is labeled with arrows pointing with the correct indication of what the item is. The woman’s eyes are opened wide, her mouth is slightly opened, and her eyebrows are raised; her overall facial expression looks distraught. Every object is strategically placed on the woman’s dress, the woman is then placed in the dress; she becomes the object of sight. â€Å"Men of state, of business† will lo ok at the cover of this magazine and be â€Å"reminded [that he is] a man† and the woman pictured is an object (Berger 57). The spectator is allowed to watch this distraught woman and pass judgment on her, which is suggested by the arrows, while she stares back at him. The cover itself has very little connection to business, thus the whole purpose is to objectify women and the ideal spectator or audience is assumed to be men in business. Today, advertisements are tactical and creative with how they pose their female models; they focus mainly on the physical features of their bodies and display them at largest. They prioritize the audience’s wants first and position their model to accommodate the thoughts of the spectator. According to Berger, â€Å"the way the [advertiser] has [posed] her includes her will and her intentions in the very structure of the image, in the very expression of her body and her face† (58). In Levi’s Curve ID ad in Essence Magazine, two young females appear; one woman extrudes her lower back out to poke her buttocks out in her Levi jeans. Her face looks noticeably uncomfortable and is awkwardly turn to where her neck does not appear at all. Her hair is roughly placed in a ponytail that extends down her back. The other woman lies partially down in her Levi jeans; her legs are up on the

How to bond with your employees and boost their productivity

How to bond with your employees and boost their productivity Great bosses build relationships with their employees. You don’t have to be buddy-buddy with everyone in your office, but if you establish a rapport and communicate effectively with the people who work for you, you’ll foster a sense of trust and morale and create a better working environment for all. In fact, in a  recent survey, 60% of 1,000 full-time workers questioned said their relationship with their employer positively impacted their work productivity. Here are a few strategies for how you can create a relationship of trust and respect with your direct reports.Keep your door open.The more you make yourself accessible to your employees, the more comfortable they’ll feel stopping by to discuss things with you, bring up issues that come up during the day, or float great ideas your way. You’ll have a better idea of what’s going on if you’re not cooped up in your office alone. If you’re not sure how to encourage your employees to ra ndomly check in, try getting a candy jar for your desk!Schedule (and don’t ignore) weekly one-on-ones.Structured feedback on a regular basis can be invaluable to both you and your employees. Make time for a face-to-face meeting with each direct report where you can get on the same page about existing projects and listen to concerns (while expressing any of your own), and you’ll start to reap the benefits.Oftentimes, a recurring meeting on the calendar can get pushed aside or even ignored because it seems useless when you see each other all day, every day. Resist the urge to cancel or to let your employee cancel. Even if you just meet for 10 minutes, that quiet, scheduled check-in time is key to learning about your employees and getting a sense of how they’re really doing.Meet outside of the boss/employee context.You shouldn’t pretend to be on the same level as your employees- everyone knows the hierarchy, so you don’t want to seem like you’r e fooling anyone. Still, it’s okay to come down from your upper rung every now and then and let everyone in the workplace have an equal voice in the organization. Maybe schedule a brainstorming meeting where you, too, are responsible for coming up with ideas, or a weekly roundtable with the team where you all talk about the best thing that happened during the work week.Get together outside of the office.A few team-building activities outside of the office can go a very long way to helping you get to know your employees as actual people, not just in the context of their roles at work. Try a team lunch or a group volunteer project, and solicit ideas from the group. But please don’t make people give up their weekends- schedule this non-work outing a few times a year during working hours.Offer regular encouragement.Take an interest in the career development and job satisfaction of each direct report. When someone is doing a good job, take the time to let them know- a littl e positive reinforcement goes a long way. Send a quick email of praise when a particular project goes well. Send an annual (or monthly!) email reminding them of how much you appreciate their work. Make it clear to higher-ups when someone goes above and beyond. When your employees know you notice the little things, they’ll want to be on the ball every day.Don’t fake it.Above all else, you can’t fake it. Valuing your employees and making them a priority takes real effort and investment. If you halfheartedly make attempts to reach out every so often, everyone will know you don’t really mean it. But putting in the effort is worth it- the stronger, healthier relationships you’ll build will make everyone happier and more productive.

Hybridized Identity and the Love of Learning Assignment

Hybridized Identity and the Love of Learning - Assignment Example Identity is important in identity hybridization, one must know his identity first before being hybridized and turn it into something else. However, identities are constantly changing through time. I agree with the author towards Plato’s thought (par 8) that the fundamental identity of different things resided in the realm of the Forms (Plato, 1966 as cited by author). It really denies it. It does not merely seem to deny it. And Plato would deny that what is heroic today is different from what it was before. People’s opinions about it might change, but those are shadows, not reality. But is there an assurance that the person is still the same if his identity changes? Hume suggested that the self is a bundle of perceptions, including memory that changes over time. This precludes that any two people could be the same, but it allows that one can change, constantly, and still have some almost undying (at least in one’s lifetime) thread. However, amnesia and dementia m ay erase all of the person’s memories, which loses his link between his past and present, making him different person because arguably, a person with severe dementia or amnesia is not the same person, only the same body. A person composes of multiple selves (par 12), but to Baldwin (1897) a self has two aspects: the ego which represents the thoughts about oneself, and alter which represents the way one thinks of another (par 13). Ego and alter play an important role in decision making and the way to react depending on situations. In Oupensky’s statement (par 14) one becomes master over the other for only thirty minutes, until a new one takes over the other. This is similar to Nietzsche’s notion of the self as a number of wills to power, each expressing itself as master at different times. Transformation of one’s identity becomes rapid if he

The Effects of TQM on Human Resource Management Essay

The Effects of TQM on Human Resource Management - Essay Example Wilkinson, Marchington & Daleuman believe that "TQM is unlikely to achieve its objectives unless there is greater awareness of the people factor in quality management." Even if a strategy and the tools employed may be considered fool-proof, nothing will happen if the people side of the equation is not properly addressed. Most management experts share the same thoughts. Strategic planning, which is a prerequisite in TQM, takes WHAT IS and develops ideas on WHAT SHOULD BE along with plans for HOW TO GET THERE. Since such planning provides the road map for GETTING THERE, it is important to incorporate the people or human resource factor in this effort. Strategic planning is therefore nothing but human resource planning, which is another name for Human Resource Management. Perry & Mesch (1997) This paper will attempt to chronicle how HRM evolved from its simple screening-and-hiring role in the past into its more critical and multi-faceted functions of today, an expanded role imposed on it by necessity because of the advent of TQM. At the outset, this has been the most visible effect of TQM on human resource management. In the past, human resource management went no farther than classifying job positions, recruitment and hiring as well as ensuring proper employee benefits, discipline and seeing to the organization's compliance with employment laws. This role has expanded to include duties on building a more stable, better qualified workforce as required by the TQM approach, which calls for a team effort, assistance in developing it and objectives-based performance appraisal systems. To be able to contribute to an organization's success under a TQM approach, human resource development now covers the following: Internal career ladder system - this is done to focus individual attention on strategic issues facing the organization over the long term. Formal training - continuous training is held for everyone to fit in the organization and become a valuable contributor to the team. Result-oriented performance appraisal - this is conducted as basis for promotion, demotion, retention, transfer and pay scale. Employment security - this is put in place for employees to devote their attention to the job at hand rather than worry about their possible dismissal. Employee voice/participation - active participation in the effort to achieve the organization's goals raises the employees' morale and sense of duty. Broadly defined jobs - employees are given more challenging and meaningful job assignments to keep them on their toes. Performance-based compensation - rewards for a job well done inspire employees to do better. TQM calls for the involvement of top management and all levels of the organization and this in turn requires a more strategic approach to the management of human resources which is HRM. There is a "hard" type of TQM which pays little attention to the people element in the drive for continuous quality improvement. This TQM type is largely production-oriented such that emphasis is given to systems, processes and procedures. The criteria for the granting of ISO-9000 and British Standards-5750 are based mostly on this type which disappoint HRM professionals who feel that greater emphasis must be placed on the human aspects of TQM.

Implementation Plan Essay Example for Free

Implementation Plan Essay Cut over strategy defines the strategies and decision for the system installation. Once a system has been developed and tested, it must be installed and placed into operation. Installing a system and making it operational is complex as there are many conflict constraints. Some of important issues when planning installation are to be considered like cost, customer relations, employee relations, logistical complexity, and overall exposure to risk (Silvia, 2000). Some of the most important issues to be considered when planning installation include incurring costs of operation both systems in parallel, detecting and correct the errors in the new system, potentially disrupting the company and its IS operation and training personnel and familiarizing customers with new products. Different approaches to installation represent different trade-offs. The most commonly used installation approaches are: 1. Direct installation; in a direct installation the new system is installed and quickly made operational and any overlapping system are then turned off. This is also called as immediate cut over. The primary advantage of direct installation is it simplicity; the primary disadvantage of this is its risk. Because legacy systems are not operated in parallel, there is no backup in the event that the new system fails. This installation is typically used under the new system is not replacing a legacy system or downtime of days or weeks can be tolerated. 2. Parallel installation: In this the new system is implemented and run in parallel with the new one but not completely implemented at a stance. The old system is kept in place and slowly replaced. The cost factors are high but efficiency is derived from it. 3. Phased installation: The system is installed and get into operation in a series of steps and phases. Each phase is well observed before and after implementation. The new system is not operating completely at this time but is replacing the old system in phases. It is time consuming but very effective in the long run. Our installation strategy for the equipment tracking system would be the phased approach. It marks the continuity of the present business and also taking into account the changes the new system is about to begin. The business requires to flow and cannot be halted for installation of the system; therefore phased installation is the most suitable. a. Training Guide The function of training is to teach the user of the system the process of data flow within the system and the various operational procedures for correct and timely implementation of the knowledge for better productiveness. All the required user of the system will be given training and to provide know-how of the system working procedure and the involved business process. The effective use of business function needs to be well understood for the correct utilization of the system for the required purpose (Laudon, 2003). They are also required for learning the technical issues which would come up in the process of handling the system. The disaster recovery plan is also required to be provided so that risk can be managed well and the user of the system will not have to halt the operations of the business in case of failure or exceptional situations. All the users of the system will be trained in the following manner namely Face to face, Group manner, Individual training, Video audio conference and many other methods. All the techniques will be used for successful training of personnel of equipment tracking system.

Automobiles in Early America Essay examples -- Transportation Technolo

Automobiles in Early America The automobile changed American life, but the process was gradual. Though historians argue the date and inventor of the first automobile, we can say that Henry Ford’s creation of his Ford Motor Company in 1903 marked perhaps the major milestone of the early twentieth century automobile industry in America and around the world. Five years after the company’s inception, Ford’s legendary Model T of 1908 would revolutionize transportation and the world economy. Before the Model T, automobiles in the US were associated with only the wealthier class. Ford sought to make cars available to every American. His cars would assume the general build that continues to characterize automobiles today, and his innovation and system of production would make him a legend.[i] The automobile led to an extremely advanced system of roads and contributed to an American mentality of freedom to move.[ii] Early drivers saw both benefits and difficulties as the automobile became the standard American mode of transportation. Philip Van Doren Stern, American historian and writer, describes the early years of automobiles in the US. Between 1904 and 1907, roads were unpaved and cars were not enclosed, so it was of utmost importance to wear proper attire. Clothes were made to protect against dust and rain, but these high-class riders required this new gear to be made from the best materials, like leather and fur. In the 1920s, when most cars were built completely enclosed, there was no longer a need for these elaborate outfits. During the early years of the century, drivers braved uncharted territory with their automobiles despite the rugged mechanics of the vehicles and the absence of smoot... ...fthompso/MgmtCon/Fordism_&_Postfordism.html [vi] Thompson, Fred. (most of paragraph’s information comes from web site above) [vii] Bellis, Henry Ford and The First Mass Production of Cars – The Assembly Line, About.com [viii] Antique Automobile Club of America, Automotive History – A Chronological History [ix] Weingroff, Richard F. The Federal-State Partnership at Work. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Public Roads Web site, 1996. [x] Weingroff, The Federal-State Partnership at Work. [xi] Stern, pages 154-173 [xii] University of Houston. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display_printable.cfm?HHID=454 [xiii] Faulkner, William. The Sound and the Fury. New York: Vintage Books, 1984. [xiv] Stern, page 23 [xv] Antique Automobile Club of America, Automotive History – The Assembly Line

Bacteriophages Vs Antibiotics

Bacteriophages are actually viruses highly specialized to attack bacterial cells while doing no harm to animal cells. When a phage discovers a bacterium to which it possesses the correct key—that is, suitable receptors on the bacterial cell to which the phage can attach its tentacle-like extensions—then the phage will inject its hereditary DNA into the bacteria cell. Taking over the bacterial cell's biochemical apparatus, the phage produces hundreds of phage copies, rupturing the cell. As the victim cell dies, the released phage copies attack any remaining bacterial cells like a pack of hungry wolves (Reidel).Advantages The advantages of the therapy are obvious. Bacteriophages are very specific parasites and, unlike antibiotics, do not damage the useful bacteria that live in and on the body. Phages are â€Å"intelligent† medicine: They increase just where they are needed, while antibiotics often do not get to where they are needed. Once all phage-susceptible bact eria have been killed, phages are eliminated from the body. The most apparent benefit of phage therapy is that although bacteria are able to develop resistance to phages the resistance is much easier to overcome.The reason behind this is that phages replicate and undergo natural selection and have probably been infecting bacteria since the beginning of life on this planet. Although bacteria evolve at a fast rate, so too will phages. Bacteria are most likely to modify the molecule that the phage targets, which is usually a bacterial receptor. In response to this modification phages will evolve in such a way that counteracts this change, thus allowing them to continue targeting bacteria and causing cell lysis.As a consequence phage therapy is likely to be devoid of the problems similar to antibiotic resistance. Increasing evidence shows the ability of phages to travel to a required site — including the brain, where the blood brain barrier can be crossed — and multiply in the presence of an appropriate bacterial host, to combat problems such as meningitis. However the patient's immune system can, in some cases mount an immune response to the phage (2 out of 44 patients in a Polish trial (Carson)).Development and production is faster than antibiotics, on condition that the required recognition molecules are known. Disadvantages According to Reidel, the phages' high specificity, with which they look for their bacterial victims, is at the same time also their therapeutic Achilles' heel. Therefore, either a cocktail containing many different types of phages must be developed by the infection control specialist, or a phage effective against the specific pathogen of each patient must be custom-made through detailed microbiological analytical work.Western regulatory authorities tend to loathe recognizing such manually manufactured anti-infective agents as medicines, which explains why currently phage therapy is routinely only available at phage therapy cen ters in Georgia (part of former Russia), Europe and Poland. However, the Wound Care Center in Lubbock, Texas, has started to treat patients. For chronic infections due to multi-resistant pathogens, phage therapy could become a kind of miracle medicine. Wikipedia condends that Bacteriophage therapy is generally very safe; however fevers can occur with phage treatment.This is thought to be caused by endotoxins released by the bacteria within the patient after they have been lysed by the phage (Herxheimer Reaction), of course this can happen with antibiotics also. Additionally care has to be performed in manufacture that the phage medium isn't contaminated with bacterial fragments and endotoxins from the production process. It is beneficial if testing on animals is performed to ensure safety. Lysogenic bacteriophages are also thought to be risky, and are now seldom used therapeutically.These viruses can act as a way for bacteria to exchange DNA, and this can help spread antibiotic resi stance or even, theoretically, can make the bacteria pathogenic. To work, the virus has to reach the site of the bacteria, and unlike antibiotics, viruses do not necessarily reach the same places that bacteria can reach. Finally, some non therapeutic (lysogenic) phages transfer genes between bacteria that code for pathogenicity, notable in cholera. This makes it important to identify the phages being used to show that they are not harmful ones. What are ANTIBIOTICS?An antibiotic, according to Wikipedia, is a drug that kills or prevents the growth of bacteria. They have no effect against viruses or fungal infections. Antibiotics are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-parasitic drugs. They are relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. The term, coined by Selman Waksman, originally described only those formulations derived from living organisms, in contrast to â€Å"chemotherapeutic ag ents†, which are purely synthetic.Nowadays the term â€Å"antibiotic† is also applied to synthetic antimicrobials, such as the sulfa drugs. Antibiotics are generally small molecules with a molecular weight less than 2000 Da. They are not enzymes. Some antibiotics have been derived from mold, for example the penicillin class. Volume 4 of How Products Are Made says that antibiotics differ chemically so it is understandable that they also differ in the types of infections they cure and the ways in which they cure them. Certain antibiotics destroy bacteria by affecting the structure of their cells. This can occur in one of two ways.First, the antibiotic can weaken the cell walls of the infectious bacteria, which causes them to burst. Second, antibiotics can cause the contents of the bacterial cells to leak out by damaging the cell membranes. One other way in which antibiotics function is to interfere with the bacteria's metabolism. Some antibiotics such as tetracycline and erythromycin interfere with protein synthesis. Antibiotics like rifampicin inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis. Still other antibiotics, such as sulfonamide or trimethoprim have a general blocking effect on cell metabolism. AdvantagesIt is estimated that the average duration of many infectious diseases and the severity of certain others have decreased significantly since the introduction of antibiotic therapy. The dramatic drop in mortality rates for such dreaded diseases as meningitis, tuberculosis, and septicemia offers striking evidence of the effectiveness of these agents. Bacterial pneumonia, bacterial endocarditis, typhoid fever, and certain sexually transmitted diseases are also amenable to treatment with antibiotics. So are infections that often follow viral or neoplastic diseases, even though the original illness may not respond to antibiotic therapy.Antibiotics in small amounts are widely used as feed supplements to stimulate growth of livestock and poultry. They probably ac t by inhibiting organisms responsible for low-grade infections and by reducing intestinal epithelial inflammation. In cattle, sheep, and swine, antibiotics are effective against economically important diseases. The use of antibiotics in dogs and cats closely resembles their use in human medical practice. In fish farms, antibiotics are usually added to the food or applied to the fish by bathing.The incidence of infections in fish, and animals in general, may be reduced by the use of disease-resistant stock, better hygiene, and better diet. Although effective against many microorganisms causing disease in plants, antibiotics are not widely used to control crop and plant diseases. Some of the limiting factors are instability of the antibiotic under field conditions, the possibility of harmful residues, and expense. Nevertheless, antibiotic control of some crop pathogens is being practiced, as is true of the rice blast in Japan, for example (Science and Tech). DisadvantagesSome individu als may have allergic reactions to antibiotics. If symptoms of an allergic reaction (such as rash, shortness of breath, swelling of the face and neck), severe diarrhea, or abdominal cramping occur, the antibiotic should be stopped and the individual should seek medical advice. Because antibiotics can affect bacteria that are beneficial, as well as those that are harmful, women may become susceptible to infections by fungi when taking antibiotics. Vaginal itching or discharge may be symptoms of such infections. All patients may develop oral fungal infections of the mouth, indicated by white plaques in the mouth.Injected antibiotics may result in irritation, pain, tenderness, or swelling in the vein used for injection. It is a common assertion that some antibiotics can interfere with the efficiency of birth control pills. Although there remain few known cases of complication, the majority of antibiotics do not interfere with contraception, despite widespread misinformation to the cont rary (Gale). And there’s also what is known as Antibiotic Resistance. Wikipedia says that Antibiotic Resistance is the ability of a micro-organism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. It is a specific type of drug resistance.Antibiotic resistance evolves naturally via natural selection through random mutation, but it could also be engineered for the purpose of creating bio-weapons. SOS response of low-fidelity polymerases can also cause mutation via a process known as programmed evolution. Once such a gene is generated, bacteria can then transfer the genetic information in a horizontal fashion (between individuals) by plasmid exchange. If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called multiresistant or, informally, a superbug. Antibiotic resistance can also be introduced artificially into a micro-organism through transformation protocols.This can be a useful way of implanting artificial genes into the micro-organism. Phages Vs Antibiotics (A Summary) Bacteri ophages are great because: †¢ Bacteria evolve at a fast rate, but so do phages. This makes Bacteriophages devoid of problems similar to antibiotic resistance. †¢ Bacteriophages are very specific parasites and, unlike antibiotics, do not damage the useful bacteria that live in and on the body. Phages are â€Å"intelligent† medicine: They increase just where they are needed, while antibiotics often do not get to where they are needed.†¢ Development and production is faster than antibiotics. †¢ The recovery rate was discovered to be faster in some cases—a tribute to the speed with which the phage multiplied and overcame its host bacteria. †¢ Incidents of misuse are relatively unknown. Antibiotics are great because: †¢ The use of antibiotics on domesticated animals, closely resemble its use in human medicine thus greatly benefiting them. †¢ Phages work best when in direct contact with the infection, so they are best applied directly to an open wound.This is rarely applicable in the current clinical setting where infections occur systemically. †¢ Unlike Phages, which are hardly ever used for therapeutic reasons, antibiotics reduce the incidence of both suppurative and non-suppurative complications of sore throat. A new study from Holland has confirmed that antibiotics protect against quinsy. †¢ Lysogenic bacteriophages are thought to be risky. These viruses can act as a way for bacteria to exchange DNA, and this can help spread antibiotic resistance or even, theoretically, can make the bacteria pathogenic.To work, the virus has to reach the site of the bacteria, and unlike antibiotics, viruses do not necessarily reach the same places that bacteria can reach. †¢ Antibiotics are more readily available because phages have high specifity and require detailed microbiological analytical work. Conclusion The research is still ongoing. Though the odds are in favor of Bacteriophages becoming more common, there have been no large clinical trials to test their efficacy. This therapy today essentially exists only in some Eastern European countries, including Georgia and Poland.But largely because of the growing concern over antibiotic resistance, a lot more people in the medical field are interested in pursuing bacteriophages as an alternative to antibiotics on a large scale. W O R K S C I T E D 1. Reidel, William. â€Å"Book Review: Viruses vs. Superbugs: A Solution to the Antibiotics Crisis? † Epoch Times. (6 May, 2006). 14 April, 2007. http://en. epochtimes. com/news/6-5-6/41280. html 2. Carson, Christine, and Thomas Riley. â€Å"Non-Antibiotic Therapies for Infectious Diseases. † Communicable Diseases Intelligence Supplement on Antimicrobial Resistance 27 (2003): pages not given3. â€Å"Phage therapy. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 4 Apr 2007, 00:38 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 14 Apr 2007 . 4. â€Å"Antibiotic. † How Products Are Made. 2006. 14 April 2007 http://www. madehow. com/Volume-4/Antibiotic. html 5. Science and Technology Encyclopedia. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007 6. Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer. Michigan: Thomson Gale, 2005 7. â€Å"Antibiotic Resistance. † Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2007. Answers. com 14 Apr. 2007. http://www. answers. com/topic/antibiotic-resistance

Family and marriage ten theories Essay

1. Family Ecology- The ecological context of the family affects family life and children’s outcomes. It explores how the family is influenced by the environment.This theory studies how family lives and decisions. It basically brings forth the idea that every choice that you make affects your family, your lifestyle, the surrounding events as well as historical events. Key Concepts Natural physical-biological environment- This concept deals with climate and climate change, soil, plants and animals. Social- Cultural environment- This concepts deals with human made things as well as cultural artifacts. Theorist/ Individual- This concept was discovered/ or created by ecologist Strength and Weaknesses- Some strengths of this theory is that What You Think- I think that this theory is totally correct. I feel like every choice I make does affect my family. It affects their lifestyle as well as how they view things, as well as how they form their opinions. These decisions that I am making now, affects how we live and will affect how they decide they will live when they get older. These decisions are things like, where we live, how we live, work ethics, as well as the food we eat. 2. The Family Life Course Development Framework – Families experience predictable change over time. This basically brings forth the idea that families go thru unpredictable changes, which add and subtract from their family composition. This means birth, death and the leaving home of a family member. Key Concepts Family Life Course- Events that add and subtract from a family’s composition Developmental Tasks- tasks that have to be completed before you can transition to the next stage. On Time Transitions- Events that occur when they are supposed to, as opposed to being too early, or too late. Role Sequencing- The order in which major transitions take place. Theorist/ Individual- Life Course Therapist, and Ueker and Stokes Strength and Weaknesses Some of the strengths of this theory is that it analyzes the family as a unit. What You Think- This theory basically states that family life begins with marriage. This is crazy and untrue. I say this because nowadays family life begins when you have a kid as opposed to when you get married. 3. The Structure- Functional Perspective- The family performs essential functions for society. This deals with the way families fulfill basic societal needs, such as raising children responsibly, providing economical support, and emotional security. Key Concepts Social Institution- Family Structure Family Functions Functional Alternatives Theorist/ Individual- Social Scientist Strength and Weaknesses- Some of the strengths is that it analyzes the way families raise their kids, as well as how the family meets the needs of its members. The weaknesses of this theory is that it analyzes the family as a whole, as opposed to analyzes each person individually and how they deal with each other. What You Think- I think that each perspective is uniquely different and this perspective analyzes how families fulfill its members needs. The needs that they analyze, are basically what makes a family functional. These needs are things that each members needs to feel like they play a part in the unit. 4. The Interaction- Constructionist Perspective By means of interaction, humans construct socio-cultural meanings. The internal dynamics of a group of interacting individuals construct the family. Key Concepts Interaction Symbol Meaning Role Making Social Construction of Reality Destruction Postmodernism Theorist/ Individual Strength and Weaknesses- The strengths of this theory is that it looks at the family as a whole to see what is being done collectively to create the closeness. One of the weaknesses is that it does not look at the obvious, it should analyze the person that keeps the family together. Each member is following the lead of one person, who’s main goal is to keep the family together. What You Think- I think this theory basically analyzes family practices and what things, like rituals, bring them together, or create a apparent closeness. These are things that can be used to identify, or analyze another persons behavior, when they don’t come from a family like structure. 5. Exchange Theory- The resources that individuals bring to a relationship or family affect the formation,continuation, nature and power dynamics of a relationship. Social exchanges are compiled to create networks and social capital. This meaning that when people are engaged in social exchanges they limit their costs and maximize their rewards. Key Concepts Resources Rewards and Cost Family Power Social Networks Social Support Theorist/ Individual- Social Therapist Strength and Weaknesses- The strengths of this theory is that it analyzes relationships and people’s economic perspective on forming the relationships. The weaknesses are that the perspective analyzes the people’s economic perspective on forming relationships but it doesn’t analyze thoroughly what type of person they are, and how they attract friends, and form relationships. What You Think- I think this is a great theory. It basically means that when you are forming relationships with people you are analyzing what you can get from the relationship, as opposed to what you are giving in return, or what you have to bring to the table. It basically states the person with less committment to the relationship has more power.  This is because the person with less committments not the person competing for the relationship,as if they don’t care either way, whereas the other person actually cares and wants the relationship to bloom. 6. Family Systems Theory- The family as a whole is more than the sum of its parts. This meaning that the family, becomes whole, although it is comprised of interrelated parts. Key Concepts System- a combination of elements or components that are integrated and organized as a whole. Equilibrium- balance Boundaries- ideas about who is in the family and who is out  Family Therapy- Theorist/ Individual- Psychotherapist Strength and Weaknesses- Some of the strengths are that the theory is that it bases its theory off of research of the family and how it is comprised of different parts. One weakness is that it does not analyze the different personalities within the family as well as the family interactions to determine what keeps them balanced. What You Think- I think that the Family Systems theory is a theory that basically researches the family and it looks at a system as a combination of elements. This is good because it looks at how the family actually interacts together. 7. Conflict and Feminist Theory- Gender is central to the analysis of the family; male dominance in society and in the family is oppresive of women. It is the opposite of structure functional theory. The theory argues that human physiology, genetics, and hormones predisposed individuals to certain behaviors. Key Concepts Male dominance Power Inequality- Theorist/ Individual- theoretical scientist/ social scientist Strength and Weaknesses- Some strengths of these two theories are that they basically analyze what causes certain people to be treated unfair and unequally. It basically tries to ask and answer the question as to what makes males more dominant than females. One of the weaknesses is that it can not effectively  answer this problem, nor solve it because it still exists. What You Think- Conflict Theory analyzes unequal Power. Feminist Theory analyzes gender issues. 8. The Biosocial Perspective- Evolution of the human species has put in place certain biological endowments that shape and limit family life choices. Key Concepts Evolutionary heritage Genes Hormones Brain Processes Inclusive Fitness Theorist/ Individual- Behaviorist Strength and Weaknesses- One of the strengths is that it analyzes the fact that a persons environment helps shape them. One of the weaknesses is that their research found that they could not the factors considered were dependent upon each other, as opposed to just one. What You Think- I think that this theory basically analyzes how a person sees the world and how their behaviors are affected by their environment and family life. 9.Attachment Theory- Early Childhood experience with caregivers shape psychological attachment styles. This brings forth the idea that during infancy and childhood a young person develops a style of attaching to people. Key Concepts Secure Insecure Anxious Attachment Styles Theorist/ Individual- Behaviorist Strength and Weaknesses- some of the strengths are that it analyzes why kids act the way they do and how they get attached to people. The weaknesses are that it does not leave the door open to explain if they are conditions that worsen the child’s ability to attach to a person, or What You Think- I think that the theory is dead on and it explains why a child acts a certain way towards people they don’t know, meeting new people, and why they don’t want to be seperated from their care giver.

Effects-collectivism&industrialisation-Soviet people 1930 essays

Effects-collectivism&industrialisation-Soviet people 1930 essays How did collectivism and industrialisation affect the lives of the people in the Soviet Union during the 1930s? Stalins approach socialism in one country, created a great need for developing the industrial and military might of the Soviet Union. However his plan to industrialise Russia could only be carried out if they were able to import machinery from the West. This capital would have to be paid for, so it was decided funding would be generated by the exportation of one saleable item the country possessed at the time, food. In order to collect enough capital to engage in his speedy industrialisation plan, Stalin brought in the three five years plans in which collectivisation occurred in the first. Collectivisation, caused by the need for rapid industrialisation put enormous pressures on the Soviet people, and had catastrophic effects for them. In 1928, famine threatened the people of the Soviet Union once again. The production of food was not keeping up with the populations demand and Stalins industrialisation programme for the country could only be carried out if it were able to import machinery from the west, in effect squeezing investment capital out of the peasantry. Partly because of the weather and partly because of a reduction in sown area due to lack of technology, the harvest of 1928 was devastatingly poor. Bread rationing was re-introduced and by 1929 the miniscule grain stockpiles were causing anxiety amongst the peasantry. When the people learnt that the grain which had been forced from them was being left to rot in unprotected storage, extensive peasant violence and riots rapidly spread across the nation, so collectivisation was introduced as an action to control the riotous peasants and help push the country towards industrialisation. This process involved the State seizing the land from its owners and d ividing it up into a number of government and family ow...

Zirconium Facts (Atomic Number 40 or Zr)

Zirconium Facts (Atomic Number 40 or Zr) Zirconium is a gray metal that has the distinction of being the last element symbol, alphabetically, of the periodic table. This element finds use in alloys, particularly for nuclear applications. Here are more zirconium element facts: ZirconiumBasic Facts Atomic Number: 40 Symbol: Zr Atomic Weight: 91.224 Discovery: Martin Klaproth 1789 (Germany); zircon mineral is mentioned in biblical texts. Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d2 5s2 Word Origin: Named for the mineral zircon. Persian zargun: gold-like, which describes the color of the gemstone known as zircon, jargon, hyacinth, jacinth, or ligure. Isotopes: Natural zirconium consists of 5 isotopes; 28 additional isotopes have been characterized. The most common natural isotope is 90Zr, which accounts for 51.45 percent of the element. Of the radioisotopes, 93Zr has the longest half-life, which is 1.53x106 years. Properties: Zirconium is a lustrous grayish-white metal. The pure element is malleable and ductile, but the metal becomes hard and brittle when it contains impurities. Zirconium resists corrosion from acids, alkalis, water, and salt, but it does dissolve in hydrochloric or sulfuric aicd. Finely-divided metal may ignite spontaneously in air, especially at elevated temperatures, but the solid metal is relatively stable. Hafnium is found in zirconium ores and is difficult to separate from zirconium. Commercial-grade zirconium contains from 1% to 3% hafnium. Reactor-grade zirconium is essentially free of hafnium. Uses: Zircaloy(R) is an important alloy for nuclear applications. Zirconium has a low absorption cross section for neutrons, and is therefore used for nuclear energy applications, such as for cladding fuel elements. Zirconium is exceptionally resistant to corrosion by seawater and many common acids and alkalis, so it is used extensively by the chemical industry where corrosive agents are employed. Zirconium is used as an alloying agent in steel, a getter in vacuum tubes, and as a component in surgical appliances, photoflash bulbs, explosive primers, rayon spinnerets, lamp filaments, etc. Zirconium carbonate is used in poison ivy lotions to combine with urushiol. Zirconium alloyed with zinc becomes magnetic at temperatures below 35 °K. Zirconium with niobium is used to make low temperature superconductive magnets. Zirconium oxide (zircon) has a high index of refraction and is used as a gemstone. The impure oxide, zirconia, is used for laboratory crucibles that will withstand heat sh ock, for furnace linings, and by the glass and ceramic industries as a refractory material. Occurrence: Zirconium does not exist as a free element, primarily due to its reactivity with water. The metal has a concentration of around 130 mg/kg in the Earths crust and 0.026 ÃŽ ¼g/L  in sea water. Zirconium is found in S-type stars, the Sun, and meteorites. Lunar rocks contain a zirconium oxide concentration comparable to that of terrestrial rocks. The primary commercial source of zirconium is the silicate mineral zircon (ZrSiO4), which occurs in Brazil, Australia, Russia, South Africa, India, the United States, and in smaller amounts elsewhere in the world. Health Effects: The average human body contains about 250 milligrams of zirconium, but the element serves no known biological function. Dietary sources of zirconium include whole wheat, brown rice, spinach, eggs, and beef. Zirconium is found in antiperspirants and water purification systems. Its use as a carbonate to treat poison ivy has been discontinued because some people experienced skin reactions. While zirconium exposure is generally considered safe, exposure to the metal powder can cause skin irritation. The element is not considered to be either genotoxic or carcinogenic. Crystal Structure: Zirconium has an alpha phase and a beta phase. At room temperature, the atoms form close-packed hexagonal ÃŽ ±-Zr. At 863  Ã‚ °C, the structure transitions to body-centered ÃŽ ²-Zr. Zirconium Physical Data Element Classification: Transition Metal Density (g/cc): 6.506 Melting Point (K): 2125 Boiling Point (K): 4650 Appearance: grayish-white, lustrous, corrosion-resistant metal Atomic Radius (pm): 160 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 14.1 Covalent Radius (pm): 145 Ionic Radius: 79 (4e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.281 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 19.2 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 567 Debye Temperature (K): 250.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.33 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 659.7 Oxidation States: 4 Lattice Structure: Hexagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.230 Lattice C/A Ratio: 1.593 References Emsley, John (2001). Natures Building Blocks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 506–510. ISBN 0-19-850341-5.Lide, David R., ed. (2007–2008). Zirconium. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 4. New York: CRC Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8493-0488-0.Meija, J.; et al. (2016). Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305 Return to the Periodic Table

Obama healthcare plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obama healthcare plan - Research Paper Example The Obama health care plan is a health care reform in the US and is known as one of the major achievements of President Obama. Obamacare has aided millions of Americans to afford a better quality health insurance, helped reform the health insurance industry and has widened the horizons of American health care rights. It is also an objective of the bill to reduce wasteful spending all over the country in health care department. The bill has been signed as the health care law aiming to improve the entire health care system of the United States by expanding coverage to more Americans as well as protecting the existing insurance policy holders of America. Obama Administration claims that a huge population of America will be benefitted by this new plan in various ways. According to the administration, insurance companies will not be able to cancel coverage if people get sick, all out of pocket costs shall be covered for proven preventive and screening services such as mammograms and other preventive tests. The plan is to diagnose chronic and potentially serious diseases as early as possible in order to make further treatments more effective. As a result of this 2010 legislation people with jobs but no health insurance as well as those with preexisting medical conditions will find it easier to gain reliable health care coverage. The government aspires to increase the number of people having access to obamacare services. The Acts within the plan aims to help small scale businesses to get health insurance for their employees. The US governments claims that the Act should â€Å"help increase the number of primary care physicians, nurses, physician assistants and other health care professionals† Back in 1920’s there wasn’t much knowledge about medicine and insurance which ensured low costs of the medical facilities. However as the doctors knowledge grew about diseases and treatments they began to charge more. With the rise in costs it the

Healtg Across the Life Wellness Project Guide Sheet Essay

Healtg Across the Life Wellness Project Guide Sheet - Essay Example I want to start the whole process by writing down at least five reasons why I should quit this habit with the most important reason being the harm it makes on my health. I will have the list of these reasons wherever I go so that I will always be reminded of how important they are. Secondly, I will set the quitting day to be my birthday that will appear in three months from now. Thirdly, I will inform all my friends and family members of this decision that I will be undertaking to make a change in my life. I will also ask all of them for their support in the whole process as well as identify one friend who is equally thinking of quitting smoking as I do. I will also make sure that all the cigarettes and tobacco products found in my home and everywhere I spend most of my time are removed before the quitting day. After the quitting day, I will keep myself busy at all times to avoid the craving. I will find something to keep my fingers busy as well as drink a lot of water and sugary drinks such as juices that will help increase my sugar levels. I will also stay close to my quit mate whom we shall always encourage each other to stay strong in the process. Cutter, D., Lhrar, J. S., Robinson, L., Smith, M. (August 2011). How to quit smoking: A guide to quitting and kicking the habit for food. Retrieved from

Planning and Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Planning and Implementation - Essay Example Having the right marketing mix enables our organization to achieve its business objectives. Fit watch business objectives include creating brand awareness, acquiring market and maintaining it. Product is the central point on which fit watch marketing department focus on. It is concerned with what the product means to the customer. Marketing group therefore plays a key role in determining such aspects as: the appearance of the product in line with the requirements of the market; the function of the product on the question whether it addresses the needs of customers as identified through market research. The product offered is a watch. The company has discovered a need to increase the satisfaction level of the watch to the customers as well the advancement of technology. The watch has all the essentials that a customer looks for while considering making a purchase. It has all the performance characteristics of an existing watch. In addition to this, it has additional features such as flashlight, Wi-Fi hotspot and better health tracking strategy. The characteristics will help the watch to take the obligation of a torch will take part in internet access through Wi-Fi hotspot and as well will act as a friendly device to health of an individual. Pricing is one of the most important decisions made by any business organization. Of all the aspects of the marketing mix, price is the one which creates sales revenue while all the others are costs. The price of an item is clearly an important determinant of the value of sales made. In theory, price is really determined by the discovery of what customers perceive is the value of the item on sale. Researching consumers opinions about pricing is important as it indicates how they value what they are looking for as well as what they want to pay. Economists use the term market clearing price to identify a price at which sellers are prepared to sell because they feel they are getting a fair price, and buyers are

United Nations Environment Programme Environmental Sciences Essay

United Nations Environment Programme Environmental Sciences Essay The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) corresponding United Nations environmental programme, supporting developing countries in implement environmentally strongHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_peacebuilding policies and practices. It was start as a result of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in June 1972 and has its headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya. UNEP has six regional offices and different country offices. UNEP is represent transversely the globe by six regional offices: in Africa Nairobi, Kenya. Asia and the Pacific in Bangkok, Thailand. Europe in Geneva, Switzerland. Latin America and the Caribbean in Mexico City, Mexico. North America in Washington DC, USA, and West Asia in Manama, Bahrain. UNEPs global and cross scrotal view is throw back image in its organizational structure, its conduct and its human resources. UNEP staff come from almost 100 countries. About one-third of UNEPs about 1,000 staff reside and work in Nairobi; the most are located around the world in more than 28 cities in 25 countries. UNEPs global foundation is in Nairobi, Kenya. It is particular of only two UN programme headquartered in the developing world. Being base in Africa give UNEP a first-hand considerate of the environmental problem look developing countries. UNEP has a head office in Paris, France, anywhere its Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE) is headquartered. UNEP and DTIE have branches in Geneva, Switzerland, and Osaka in Japan. UNEPs main mission is provide leadership and encourage partnership in helpful for the environment by inspiring, inform, and enable nations and peoples to develop their quality of life without compromise that of future generations. UNEP is the nominated authority of the United Nations system in environmental impact at the global and regional level. Its agreement is to coordinate the expansion of environmental policy consensus by maintained the global environment under review and bring rising issues to the consideration of governments and the international community for action. The command and objectives of UNEP emanate from United Nations General Assembly resolution 2997 (XXVII) of 15 December 1972 and subsequent amendment adopted at UNCED in 1992, the Nairobi Declaration on the Role and Mandate of UNEP, adopted at the Nineteenth Session of the UNEP Governing Council, and the Malmo Ministerial Declaration of 31 May 2000. Its actions cover a large series of issues about the atmosphere, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. It has play a important part in developing international environmental conventions, promote environmental science and information and illustrating the m those can work in conjunction with policy, working on the development and implementation of policy with national governments and regional institution and working in conjunction with environmental Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). UNEP has also been lively in grant and processing environmentally related development projects. UNEP has aided in the development of guidelines and treaties on issues such as the international trade in potentially dangerous chemicals, Tran margin air pollution, and contamination of international waterways. The World Meteorological Organization and the UNEP founded the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988. UNEP is also one of some Implementing Agencies for the Global Environment Facility Major functions are International arrangements to improve environmental protection, Periodic assessments and scientifically sound forecasts to maintain resolution making and international consensus on the main environmental threats and response to them, hold for more helpful national and international response to environmental threats, including policy advice to governments, multilateral organizations and others to strengthen environmental protection and incorporate environmental considerations into the sustainable development practice, More successful coordination of environmental matter surrounded by the UN system, better awareness and facility for environmental management between governments, the private sector and civil society, Better understanding of the nexus between environment and human security, poverty eradication, and preventing and mitigating natural disasters. UNEP,s responsibilities are Promoting international cooperation in the field of the environment and recommend appropriate policies, Monitoring the significance of the global environment and gathering and disseminating environmental information, Catalyzing environmental awareness and achievement to address major environmental threats between government, the private sector and civil humanity, Facilitating the coordination of UN actions on matters concerned with the environment, and ensure, through assistance, liaison and participation, that their conduct take environmental considerations into account, Developing regional programmes for environmental sustailiability. Helping, upon request, environment ministries and other environmental authorities, in particular in developing countries and countries with economies in transition, to formulate and implement environmental policies, Providing country-level environmental capacity building and technology support, serving to develop international environmental law, and providing professional advice on the development and use of environmental concepts and instruments. The understanding through standards-driven environmental policy in developed countries over the past decades suggest that the mandate environmental standards and technologies acted as a draw on economic growth and costs have been far better than expected, while still quite affordable given their high incomes. This realization has induced developed countries to look for more capable or at least less valuable means of achieve the same level of environmental security during the use of economic or market-based instruments. For developing countries and the transitional economies of Eastern Europe and the previous Soviet Union, the divorce of environmental policy from economic policy and from pains to achieve sustainable development is meaningless and potentially disastrous both economically and environmentally. Where standards of living are unacceptably low, where poverty is a major source and victim of environmental degradation, where natural resource management is the engine of growth, where formerly designed economies struggle to restructure and recover, imposing constraints on economic activity to protect the environment for its own sake rather than as an input in sustainable development has very limited appeal. Under these condition, environmental policy cannot be divorced from economic policy and development strategy. Moreover, under conditions of quick economic growth and vast structural change, mandated standards and technologies that permit no room for differential reply and change to quickly c hanging circumstances be together very valuable and difficult to enforce. Command-and-controls require the generous use of assets such as capital, government income, management skills, administrative and enforcement capabilities, the very factors that are in scarce supply in developing and reforming economies. The challenge for developing countries and transitional economies is to categorize and adopt instrument that join together environmental and economic policy and that are parsimonious in their use of scarce development and management resources instruments that allow differential response by economic units and adjust flexibly to changing circumstances. The search for instruments of environmental management in developing countries and transitional economies is a search for instruments of sustainable development. Economic instruments meet most of these conditions and are uniquely suited for the integration of environmental and economic policy and can be designed to advance sustainable development.